Long - term fertilization effect of organic carbon and total nitrogen on floodplain soil

Soil organic matter is the most often reported indicator of soil quality and productivity and an evidence of previous soil management. Therefore, in 2017, a laboratory incubation study was carried out in the experimental filed of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh, Bangladesh under control condition at 25°C for 104 days to investigate the influence of long term manuring and fertilization on soil respiration by means of C mineralization. Soil samples were collected from floodplain soil with rice-rice cropping pattern at Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) experimental farm having eight treatments. Long term (33 years) application of fertilizers and manure resulted in significant differences in soil organic carbon, total N content, and soil pH KCl between the treatments. The soil organic carbon and total N content varied among the different treatments from14.9 g OC kg-1 to 17.0 g OC kg-1 and1.60 g N kg-1 (control) to 1.78 g N kg-1 (application of NPK). The soil pH varied among the different treatments from 5.65(application of NK) to 4.89 (application of N). This result indicates that more stable organic carbon was formed in NPK treated soil which is less prone to de-composition if present crop management has been changed

Effect of long term fertilization on soil respiration and enzyme activities in floodplain soil

In agricultural farming system organic manuring and inorganic fertilizer application are the most common agricultural practices. Different fertilizer application lead to differences in soil nutrients, pH, and microbial species, which in turn affect the transformation and decomposition of organic carbon by soil microorganisms. Therefore, a laboratory incubation study was carried out to investigate the influence of long term manuring and fertilization on soil respiration by means of C mineralization and enzyme activities. A parallel first- and zero-order kinetic model was used to describe observed C mineralization in soil. The annual carbon mineralization was found to be significantly influenced by different fertilizer. This result indicates that more stable organic matter was formed in NP treated soil which is less prone to decomposition if present crop management has been changed. Other ward, NP has the highest potentiality to soil for the purpose of carbon sequestration in floodplain soil compared to other fertilizer. Urease activities varied from 4.7µg NH4-N/g soil/2h in NK treatment to 25.7µg NH4-N/g soil/2h in N+FYM treatment. N treatment had a significantly higher urease activity compared to the respective controls. When P, K, S and PK applied separately with N then the treatments show low enzyme activity to control and other treatments (N, N+FYM and NPKSZn). There were no significant differences for Arylamidase activities among the treatments. The arylamidase activities decreased when S applied in combination with N. On the other hand arylamidase activity increased with the application of all other treatment

External beam radiotherapy and intracavitary brachytherapy is an acceptable treatment for locally advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix

Background: Cervical carcinoma is the second most common neoplasm in women worldwide and is the most frequent cancer among women in Bangladesh. In recent years, High Dose Rate (HDR) brachytherapy in combination with External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT) has been popular in the management of cancers of uterine cervix.Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness and acute toxicity of four fractions high dose rate intracavitary brachytherapy following pelvic external beam radiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced cervical carcinoma. Methods: Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medi­cal University & NICRH chosen as a research place for EBRT and HOR brachytherapy. A typical radiotherapy treatment involves daily inadiation for several weeks. Whole pelvis was treated with total dose of SO Gy in 5 weeks. Patients were treated once a day, 5 days a week with a daily fraction size of 2.0 Gy. EBRT: Pelvic radiotherapy dose is 50 Gy in 25 fractions (2.0 Gy per fraction) over 5 weeks. HDR brachytberapy dose is 7 Gy per fraction, total 4 fractions, each in a week over 4 weeks. Results: Ninety-eight patients were entered in the study. Three patients were excluded due to active non-malignant diseases. One patient had active tuberculosis, two patients had severe skin reactions and two patients withdrew following the first HDR application. The remaining Ninety patients were analyzed. Ninety patients completed the prescribed treatment and were evaluated. Eighty had complete response with relief of symptoms, negative Pap-smear and no clinical signs of persistence disease at 3 months. Ten patients had a positive Pap-smear with clinical signs of persis­tence disease. Patients were evaluated before statting treatment with EBRT and before starting treatment with HDR ICBT. Conclusion: It can be easily concluded that 4 fractions of HDR ICBT, 7 Gy each weekly and pelvic EBRT can effectively and safely control locally advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix. So that EBRT and HDR ICBT is an acceptable treatment for locally advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Careful attention to normal tissue doses such as the rectum, bladder, and small bowel is important in the treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer

Introduction of Medical Imaging Modalities

The diagnosis and treatment of various diseases had been expedited with the help of medical imaging. Different medical imaging modalities, including X-ray, Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Nuclear Imaging, Ultrasound, Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT), and Emerging Technologies for in vivo imaging modalities is presented in this chapter, in addition to these modalities, some advanced techniques such as contrast-enhanced MRI, MR approaches for osteoarthritis, Cardiovascular Imaging, and Medical Imaging data mining and search. Despite its important role and potential effectiveness as a diagnostic tool, reading and interpreting medical images by radiologists is often tedious and difficult due to the large heterogeneity of diseases and the limitation of image quality or resolution. Besides the introduction and discussion of the basic principles, typical clinical applications, advantages, and limitations of each modality used in current clinical practice, this chapter also highlights the importance of emerging technologies in medical imaging and the role of data mining and search aiming to support translational clinical research, improve patient care, and increase the efficiency of the healthcare system.Comment: 19 pages, 7 figures, 1 table; Acceptance of the chapter for the Springer book "Data-driven approaches to medical imaging

Smart detection and prevention procedure for DoS attack in MANET

A self-organized wireless communication short-lived network containing collection of mobile nodes is mobile ad hoc network (MANET). The mobile nodes communicate with each other by wireless radio links without the use of any pre-established fixed communication network infrastructure or centralized administration, such as base stations or access points, and with no human intervention. In addition, this network has potential applications in conference, disaster relief, and battlefield scenario, and have received important attention in current years. There is some security concern that increases fear of attacks on the mobile ad-hoc network. The mobility of the NODE in a MANET poses many security problems and vulnerable to different types of security attacks than conventional wired and wireless networks. The causes of these issues are due to their open medium, dynamic network topology, absence of central administration, distributed cooperation, constrained capability, and lack of clear line of defense. Without proper security, mobile hosts are easily captured, compromised, and attacked by malicious nodes. Malicious nodes behavior may deliberately disrupt the network so that the whole network will be suffering from packet losses. One of the major concerns in mobile ad-hoc networks is a traffic DoS attack in which the traffic is choked by the malicious node which denied network services for the user. Mobile ad-hoc networks must have a safe path for transmission and correspondence which is a serious testing and indispensable issue. So as to provide secure communication and transmission, the scientist worked explicitly on the security issues in versatile impromptu organizations and many secure directing conventions and security measures within the networks were proposed. The goal of the work is to study DoS attacks and how it can be detected in the network. Existing methodologies for finding a malicious node that causes traffic jamming is based on node’s retains value. The proposed approach finds a malicious node using reliability value determined by the broadcast reliability packet (RL Packet). In this approach at the initial level, every node has zero reliability value, specific time slice, and transmission starts with a packet termed as reliability packet, node who responded properly in specific time, increases its reliability value and those nodes who do not respond in a specific time decreases their reliability value and if it goes to less than zero then announced that it’s a malicious node. Reliability approach makes service availability and retransmission time

Phytoplankton in tropical mangrove estuaries: role and interdependency

Mangrove estuaries are claimed to be productive and important breeding grounds for fishery resources. The role of particulate organic matter (POM), especially derived from decomposed litter detritus, is well documented in mangrove estuaries. However, being a primary producer, phytoplankton may play a significant role, which has not been well discussed, in governing the productivity of mangrove estuaries. Based on relevant published literature, this paper focuses on the role of phytoplankton in mangrove estuaries in the tropical coastal region and their interdependency. Analysis reveals that there are two-way interactions between phytoplankton and mangrove estuaries. The POM enriched water in mangrove estuaries acts as an ideal medium for phytoplankton succession. Simultaneously, diversified phytoplankton assemblages play a significant role in the food web of the estuarine mangrove ecosystem. Biomass and diversity of phytoplankton are influenced by nutrient and environmental parameters in mangrove estuaries and, concurrently, phytoplankton play a significant role in fish diversity and primary production in the same system. This review reveals that the inconsistent relationships between mangroves and coastal production could probably be due to the influence of seasonal changes. This paper unveils the latent potential and role of phytoplankton in tropical mangrove estuaries, which could be a source of thought for future research in this arena

Validated Molecular Marker for Downy Mildew Disease Resistance Breeding of Sunflower: A Short Review

The oomycete pathogen Plasmopara halstedii responsible for sunflower downy mildew (DM), that is a significant and important disease that greatly affects the economy. As of now, there is no non-race-specific resistance for this disease and breeders are depended on race-specific resistance to control DM disease. On the other hand, using conventional breeding procedure introgression of the DM resistance genes is a long-term task due to the highly virulent and aggressive nature of the P. halstedii pathogen. Molecular markers that can be applied at the seedling stage, offers rapid response for selection with higher precision as well as a lower cost. There are currently 36 downy mildew resistance genes (R genes), designated as Pl (Pl1-Pl36, Plhra, and PlArg, in sunflowers, each with a unique linkage group (LGs). The availability of DM resistance genomic data of sunflower, related to Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) based markers with mine allelic diversity maximize the opportunity of utilizing Marker assisted selection (MAS) techniques for downy mildew resistance breeding. This review highlights the available genetic marker and their utilization at MAS techniques for enhancing downy mildew disease resistant breeding program of sunflowers

Inter-linkage among some physico-chemical and biological factors in the tropical mangrove estuary

The interaction between abiotic and biotic parameters in an ecosystem usually shows health and functioning of the system. Thus, some physico-chemical parameters, phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll a and primary production of the mangrove estuary in Sarawak, Malaysia were extensively investigated from January 2013 to December 2013 in order to establish the inter-linkage among them. The Pearson correlation coefficient revealed a significant relation between atmospheric and water temperatures (r = 0.692). Similarly, surface water temperature showed a significant positive correlation with salinity (r = 0.744), TDS (r = 0.708) and conductivity (r = 0.776). The light extinction coefficient (LEC, K) changed negatively in relation to TDS (r =-0.623), conductivity (r =-0.644) and surface water temperature (r =-0.766). Ammonium showed a negative correlation with rainfall (r =-0.620) but a positive correlation with salinity (r = 0.600). The biological variable such as phytoplankton abundance was found to be positively correlated with chlorophyll a (r = 0.692), ammonium (r = 0.645) and silica (r = 0.644) and negatively with rainfall (r =-0.644). The canonical correspondence analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between environmental parameters and phytoplankton species. The analysis of variance disclosed significant seasonal differences in salinity, water temperature, TDS, conductivity, LEC, ammonium and chlorophyll a

Sigmar1 ablation leads to lung pathological changes associated with pulmonary fibrosis, inflammation, and altered surfactant proteins levels

Sigma1 receptor protein (Sigmar1) is a small, multifunctional molecular chaperone protein ubiquitously expressed in almost all body tissues. This protein has previously shown its cardioprotective roles in rodent models of cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Extensive literature also suggested its protective functions in several central nervous system disorders. Sigmar1’s molecular functions in the pulmonary system remained unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine the expression of Sigmar1 in the lungs. We also examined whether Sigmar1 ablation results in histological, ultrastructural, and biochemical changes associated with lung pathology over aging in mice. In the current study, we first confirmed the presence of Sigmar1 protein in human and mouse lungs using immunohistochemistry and immunostaining. We used the Sigmar1 global knockout mouse (Sigmar1−/−) to determine the pathophysiological role of Sigmar1 in lungs over aging. The histological staining of lung sections showed altered alveolar structures, higher immune cells infiltration, and upregulation of inflammatory markers (such as pNFκB) in Sigmar1−/− mice compared to wildtype (Wt) littermate control mice (Wt). This indicates higher pulmonary inflammation resulting from Sigmar1 deficiency in mice, which was associated with increased pulmonary fibrosis. The protein levels of some fibrotic markers, fibronectin, and pSMAD2 Ser 245/250/255 and Ser 465/467, were also elevated in mice lungs in the absence of Sigmar1 compared to Wt. The ultrastructural analysis of lungs in Wt mice showed numerous multilamellar bodies of different sizes with densely packed lipid lamellae and mitochondria with a dark matrix and dense cristae. In contrast, the Sigmar1−/− mice lung tissues showed altered multilamellar body structures in alveolar epithelial type-II pneumocytes with partial loss of lipid lamellae structures in the lamellar bodies. This was further associated with higher protein levels of all four surfactant proteins, SFTP-A, SFTP-B, SFTP-C, and SFTP-D, in the Sigmar1−/− mice lungs. This is the first study showing Sigmar1’s expression pattern in human and mouse lungs and its association with lung pathophysiology. Our findings suggest that Sigmar1 deficiency leads to increased pulmonary inflammation, higher pulmonary fibrosis, alterations of the multilamellar body stuructures, and elevated levels of lung surfactant proteins